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Sitio arqueológico de Atapuerca(Atapuerca)

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Description

The Atapuerca archaeological basin was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2000 as the site of the earliest and most abundant evidence of humans in Europe. In addition, the fossil remains that remain in the Atapuerca mountain range constitute an exceptional reservoir of information on the physical nature and way of life of the earliest European human communities.
The sites of the Atapuerca Archaeological Basin constitute an exceptional testimony to the history of human evolution, providing unique remains of the most remote inhabitants of Europe. Thus, the Sierra de Atapuerca offers the world's only evidence of "Homo antecessor", possibly the ancestor of "Homo sapiens", dating back more than 780,000 years, and the best fossil record of "Homo heidelbergensis", more than 4,000 human remains that represent more than 80% of the world total of Middle Pleistocene hominids, the ancestor of the European Neanderthals. The great abundance of remains (32 individuals of different ages and sexes), variety (the entire skeleton) and quality of preservation, set benchmarks for studies of the evolution of the genus "Homo".
The sites in the Sierra de Atapuerca have been known since the end of the 19th century, when the first systematic explorations of the Cueva Mayor karst system were carried out. It was at that time, when Spain was joining the industrial revolution, that a railway line was built across the southwest side of the Sierra through a deep trench that cut through numerous caves filled with Pleistocene sediments, exposing them to the light and clearly showing their stratification. Later, in 1950, the railway trench was used as a quarry, which had a negative effect on the deposits and destroyed part of them. In 1976, the mining engineer who was in the Sima de los Huesos in search of bear remains also recovered human remains. From then on, anthropological studies began and in the 1980s systematic excavations began in the Galería and the Sima de los Huesos. Since then, primitive lithic tools have been found at the base of the Gran Dolina (dated to 900,000 years ago) and soon after, in 1992, several skulls were found in the Sima de los Huesos, including the famous skull number 5, which gave international and scientific relevance to the site, making it essential for the study of human evolution. The following years would leave a rich record of tools together with human remains, all of them dated to 800,000 years ago, which confirms a very ancient human presence in Europe. In addition, studies were carried out on the markings on the bones, and a hypothesis of cannibalism was put forward, which would be the oldest reference found in Europe.
The sierra is formed by a limestone ridge in which a system of caves has been created by the action of water erosion, which were used by both animals and humans. Among the sites that make up the Atapuerca Archaeological Basin, the areas known as the Gran Dolina, the Zarpazos gallery-caves, the Penal site, the Sima del Elefante, the Sima de los Huesos and the Mirador stand out for the abundance and quality of the remains found. These sites are currently an obligatory reference point for any study of Human Evolution, unique in the world for their abundant and exclusive fossils: the fossil from the Sima del Elefante is more than 1,200,000 years old, making it the oldest European fossil found to date. It is a jawbone that was found associated with Olduvayense flint tools, tools from more than 1,200,000 years ago. This site is very close to Gran Dolina, where the first human fossils of the species "Homo antecessor" were found. These findings make the Sierra de Atapuerca an archaeological area of special scientific interest, which is always topical due to the continuity of discoveries of great importance, representing a historical, cultural and natural heritage of the first order.

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